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Referencing using the traditional note - bibliography system
The referencing recommendations in this guide are
based on the Chicago manual of style. 15th ed. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2003. Please refer to Chapters 16 and
17 of that manual for further examples.
Check with your lecturer that this style is
acceptable.
The three most commonly used referencing systems
are :
- the note-bibliography, or traditional note system (footnotes
or endnotes). This web page deals solely with this system of
referencing .
- the author-date or Harvard system
- the number-reference list, or Vancouver
system. (Vancouver is really a special application of the endnoting
system used in medical disciplines).
Some disciplines, notably English and History, have traditionally
used the note system of referencing. The note system is simple to
use. It has two key features - numbers in the text, and
corresponding footnotes, or endnotes.
How to Use the Note System
Use a superscript to
mark points which
require documentation or clarification. They are typed or written
numbers raised slightly above the level of the surrounding text. For example: 'the text from which I have derived my ideas.'1
The numbers run consecutively,
from 1, through the whole assignment. The numbers are placed as close as possible to the point to which
you are drawing attention, generally at the end of the relevant
sentence and generally following any punctuation marks.
A series of notes corresponding with the numbers are placed
either at the foot of the page or at the end of the assignment.
Whether you use footnotes
or endnotes depends on the
nature of your assignment. Whether you are
preparing your assignment on a word processor or handwriting, you
will find either method easy to use, but footnotes are often handier from the reader's viewpoint.
There are a number of circumstances when it is appropriate to use
notes:
- when you quote directly from a primary or a secondary text;
- when you wish to direct the reader to sources which have influenced
your argument or which substantiate your interpretation and provide
support for your statements of opinion;
- when you are paraphrasing another person's ideas;
- when you are providing statistical information relevant to your
argument;
- when you wish to provide the reader with information which is
related to the topic in hand, but which does not properly belong
in the body of the assignment. (Note: This sort of noting should
be used very sparingly.)
Your most frequent note references are likely to be to books, primary
texts and secondary sources,
and serial articles.
Users of this Guide please note that while we have used
italics to indicate the
titles of works, underlining of the title is also acceptable.
In general, the notes are presented with the following format and
punctuation:
Books
- note number
- author's initials or given name and last name,
- title,
- edition, if not the first.,
- (place of publication : publisher, date),
- volume number (if applicable):
- actual page numbers you are referring to.
Book:
1
Xia
Li and Nancy B. Crane, Electronic Styles :
A Handbook for Citing Electronic Information, 2nd
ed. (Medford, N.J.: Information Today, Inc., 1996), 245.
If you are using other than the set edition of a primary text,
give as much detail as practical to help the reader locate the passage.
For novels, give the chapter as well as the page
reference.
For a play, cite the act, scene and line numbers: for
example, II, iii, 32-44.
Edited book:
4 Ori Z Soltes, ed., Georgia : Art and Cililization through the Ages (London : Philip Wilson, 1999), 280.
Book with more than one volume
4 H.M. Green, A History of Australian Literature
: Pure and Applied (Sydney : Angus & Robertson,
1961), 2:1097.
Second or later edition
A new edition of a work usually
entails substantial revision of the text or resetting of the type,
while a reprint or impression
entails only minor changes. The date of the new edition is important;
the date of another reprint or impression is not.
5 John N. Hazard, The Soviet System of Government,
5th ed. (Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1980), 25.
Article in edited book
6 John Holloway, "Dickens and the
Symbol," in Dickens
1970, ed. Michael Slater (London : Chapman Hall, 1970), 53.
Quotation found in a secondary source
7 Samuel Johnson, 20 March 1776, as quoted in James
Boswell, The Life of Samuel Johnson, eds. George Birkbeck
Hill & L.F. Powell (Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1934),
2:450.
Thesis
8 I. MacFarlane, "Aboriginal Society in North
West Tasmania: Dispossession and Genocide" (PhD thesis,
University of Tasmania, 2002), 25-27.
Reference works
Standard reference works may be footnoted but no bibliography
entry is needed. The article title is preceded by s.v.=sub verbo,
which means "Under the title".
Web site
Serial articles
- note number
- author's initials or given name and last name,
- "title of the article",
- title of the serial,
- volume,
- no. issue,
- (date):
- pages.
9 William Ray, "Reading Women : Cultural
Authority, Gender and the Novel : The Case of Rousseau,"
Eighteenth-Century Studies 27, (Spring 1994): 423-424.
10 Ann Godzins Gold, "Grains of Truth
: Shifting Hierarchies of Food and Grace in Three Rajasthani
Tales," History of Religions 38, no. 2 (1998): 170.
Book reviews
11 Mark Masterton, review of The Sleep
of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient
Rome, ed. by Martha C. Nussbaum and Juha Sihvola,
American Journal of Philology 124, no. 3 (2003): 477-81.
Journal article from electronic source
Legislation
Chicago manual of style. 15th ed. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2003
does not include how to cite Australian Legislation hence
Stuhmcke, Annita Legal referencing. 2nd ed. Sydney:
Butterworths, 2001
has been used in the creation of the legislation section of this guide.
Statutes
- note number
- Short title
- Year
- (Jurisdiction) ie. (Cth), (ACT), (NSW), (NT), (Qld), (SA),
(Tas), (Vic), (WA)
If applicable
- Section or Sections eg. s 63 or ss 63-54
Statute accessed from a website
When legislation is accessed from the web include the URL
enclosed in <> and the date that the legislation was
accessed enclosed in ( ) as shown below.
Continued reference to the same work
Once you have indicated which edition of a primary text you
are using, you may supply subsequent page references, in brackets
following the quotation, in the body of the assignment.
Once a secondary source has been fully detailed in a footnote
or an endnote, there is no need to repeat the entire note in
a subsequent reference. Shorten it. In the case of a book, use
the author's last name and the book's title, which may itself
be shortened, followed by the relevant page number.
13 Levine, The Battle of the Books, 143
or 10 Levine, Battle, 143.
Serial articles: Include the author's name, the title of the
article, which may be shortened, followed by the relevant page
number.
If you want to refer to the same work and page number in the
next note, use the Latin Ibid.
For the same work with a different page number:
It is better to avoid older conventions such as "loc cit."
and "op cit." in favour of those given above.
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Bibliography
In the traditional note system, it is more common to use a bibliography
than a list of references. In some cases when you use endnotes
rather than footnotes, an additional bibliography may not be required.
(Check with your lecturer).
At the end of your assignment, attach a list of all material
which you have consulted in preparing your work. The list may
contain items which you have chosen not to quote from or which
you have decided were not helpful. Nevertheless, these items have
formed part of your preparation and should be included. The list
thus produced forms your bibliography.
It is possible that your bibliography may contain just one item,
the primary text, if that is honestly all you have used. The bibliography
is organised according to the authors' last names which are arranged
in alphabetical order.
Bibliographical entries differ from footnotes or endnotes in
a straightforward way that is easy to remember. Bibliographies
end assignments, and each component of an individual entry is
presented in final form, punctuated by full stops.
Bibliographical entries may vary in complexity. In general, use
the following ordering systems as your guide in presenting material.
Appropriate punctuation is shown.
Books
- name of author/s, editor/s or institution responsible for
the book.
- Full Title of the Book : Including Sub-title.
- volume number or total number of volumes in a multi-volume
work.
- edition, if not the first.
- city of publication :
- publisher,
- date of publication.
Serials
- name of author/s.
- "Title of the article."
- Title of Serial
- volume number,
- no. issue number
- (date):
- page range of whole article.
Examples
Books:
Levine, Joseph M. The Battle of the Books : History
and Literature in the Augustan Age. Ithaca : Cornell
University Press, 1991.
Boswell, James. The Life of Samuel Johnson. Edited
by George Birkbeck Hill and L.F. Powell. 2 vols. Oxford
: Clarendon Press, 1934.
Soltes, Ori Z., ed. Georgia: Art and Civilization through the Ages. London: Philip Wilson, 1999.
Chapters:
Holloway, John. "Dickens and the Symbol," in
Dickens 1970, edited by Michael Slater, 50-63. London
: Chapman Hall, 1970.
Theses:
MacFarlane,I. "Aboriginal Society in North West Tasmania:
Dispossession and Genocide." PhD thesis, University
of Tasmania, 2002.
Serials:
Ray, William. "Reading Women : Cultural Authority,
Gender and the Novel : The Case of Rousseau." Eighteenth-Century
Studies 27 (Spring 1994): 421-47.
Gold, Ann Godzins. "Grains of Truth : Shifting Hierarchies
of Food and Grace in Three Rajasthani Tales." History
of Religions 38, no. 2 (1998): 150-171.
Masterton, Mark. Review of The Sleep of Reason:
Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Rome, edited
by Martha C. Nussbaum and Juha Sihvola. American
Journal of Philology 124, no. 3 (2003): 477-81.
Journal article from electronic source
McDougall, K.L., B. A. Summerell, D. Coburn,
and M. Newton. "Phytophthora Cinnamomi Causing
Disease in Subalpine Vegetation in New South Wales."
Australasian Plant Pathology 32, no. 1 (2003): 113-15.
http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=AP02074.pdf.
Web sites:
Legislation-Statutes:
Statute accessed from a web site
Back to Contents.
Quotations
Many problems in presenting assignments are related to the misuse
of quotations from secondary sources (that is material presenting
critical interpretations of primary texts). It is acceptable to
refer to secondary material to gain knowledge or find different
interpretations that may stimulate your own thinking and, sometimes,
confirm ideas you already hold. Whether you quote your source
directly or simply paraphrase the idea, you must always acknowledge
the source you used.
If you are unsure whether to quote directly or completely rephrase,
use quotation marks so as to avoid plagiarism.
The total word count in an assignment refers to your own words
and
usually excludes direct quotations and paraphrasing.
Don't overuse quotations - use them only to support your argument.
Every time you use the words of others they should be acknowledged
by either:
- quotation marks, or
- indenting.
Quotation marks for quotes under three lines
in length
If a quotation is short, from a couple of words to approximately
three lines, it should be marked by single quotation
marks and incorporated as part of the sentence.
Dennis Lawton argues that these proposals 'have much in common
with John White's idea of a friendly interface'.1
with footnote or endnote;
1 Dennis Lawton, Ways and Means (London:
Hodder & Stoughton, 1994), 90.
When you need to show a quote within a quote, use double quotation
marks inside the single ones.
Greene also notes that 'according to Garp, "completeness
and finality" were out of the question where editing was
concerned and the potential for rapid change was great.'2
with footnote or endnote:
2 Greg Greene, Foolproof Editing (Melbourne:
Gordon & Gotch, 1993), 108.
Indenting quotations over three lines
in length
A quotation over three lines in length should be separated from
the sentence that supports it by indenting
the quoted passage.
In typed or word processed assignments, these quotations should
be either single spaced or one and a half spaced. When you need
to show a quote within a quote, use double quotation marks. Indent
quotations about eight spaces or 3 cm from the margin. Introduce
indented quotes so that they follow on from the preceding sentences.
Developments have been rapid or as Ed Krol says:
the information resources that visionaries talked about in
the early 80s are not just "research realities" that
a few advanced thinkers can play with in some lab - they're
"real life" realities that you can tap into from your
home. Once you're connected to the Internet, you have instant
access to an almost indescribable wealth of information.3
with footnote or endnote:
3 Ed Krol, The Whole Internet (Sebastopol,
Ca.: O'Reilly & Associates, 1992), xix.
Omissions of words from quoted material
If you leave out a word or words from a quote, you must ensure
that the meaning of the quoted passage stays the same. You should
always indicate you have left out a word or words by inserting
three trailing dots instead of the omitted words.
Dutton, in reply to his critics, unashamedly remarks that
'the truth of the matter can only be resolved ... with close
attention to detail."4
with footnote or endnote:
4 Jeremy Dutton, Truth and Fiction (London
: Penguin, 1992), 86.
If you leave out words at the end of the quote remember to put
a full-stop after the three trailing dots and close of single
quote marks. Whichever style you are using, trailing dots at the
end of a quoted passage should look like this
that 'such assumptions have long been accepted by most universities
...'
If you leave out a whole sentence or more within your quotation,
you should indicate this by using FOUR trailing dots instead of
three.
If you change a quote or adjust it to make it read sensibly in
the context of your sentence, you should use square brackets to
designate the alteration, for example:
The comparison drawn between Colt and an executioner and the
mention of his odorous skin incongruously recall details from
Leon Hunnybun's sombre meditations upon 'the world's malignity
: [Leon] is brooding over the lion's mouth that swallowed citizens
whole, Venice'.
Note: the bracketed Leon displaces the pronoun He.
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