The unit extends the physics of electrical phenomena when wavelength is small relative to system physical dimensions. The unit introduces an analysis and design, as well as phenomena encountered when wavelength is short relative to the physical dimensions of an electrical system. The student will study signal and current wave propagation along conductors in electrical structures. This study will lead into an introduction to transmission line theory, dealing with the distributed nature of circuits and systems when propagation delays are significant. Concepts such as reflection coefficients, impedance transformation and Smith charts are studied. Based on transmission line theory, multiport networks are introduced and studied. This includes S-parameters, Z-parameters and signal flow graphs, which makes the analysis and design of networks possible. The modelling of active high frequency components are also considered, including diodes, junction transistors and field effect transistors. Matching networks are studied (to enable maximum power transfer and reduce standing wave ratios). This includes discrete component matching networks (T and PI networks) and microstrip line matching networks. Finally high frequency transistor amplifiers are studied, which include high frequency biasing, stability, gain, noise figure and multistage amplifiers. Students are assumed to have basic knowledge of electronic and electrical components such as transformers and other passive components.